Skin cancer is caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVA or UVB) from sunlight. Avoiding direct exposure to sunlight is the most effective way of preventing skin cancer. However, there are times when sun avoidance just isn’t practical. Sunscreen is the most important product available to help block ultraviolet light.

Three important factors to consider with sunscreen use are:
• The spectrum of UV radiation absorbed
• Amount applied
• Frequency of application

UV Radiation The sun gives off three types of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. All UV rays cause skin cancer. UVA radiation:
• Goes deeper into the skin (dermis)
• Causes premature ageing and wrinkles
• Causes change in the appearance of skin colour (tanning)

UVB radiation:
• Affects the skin’s surface (epidermis)
• Contributes most to the burning of skin
• Causes eye damage

UVC radiation: • Very dangerous
• Filtered out by the ozone layer

Melanoma ranks as the third most common cancer among Australians, excluding keratinocyte cancers, as data on their incidence is not consistently collected. This underscores the importance of regular skin cancer checks. Early assessment and monitoring of your skin can help prevent the development of serious conditions. In Australia, each year:
• Skin cancer represents approximately 80% of all new cancer diagnoses.
• Most skin cancers are linked to sun exposure.
• Australia has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world, with incidence rates two to three times higher than those in Canada, the US, and the UK

• SPF (Sun Protection Factor) measures the amount of UVB absorption in the sunscreen. (Note: there is no method of reporting the UVA absorption). To determine if a sunscreen protects against UVA and UVB radiation, check the label for:
• The words broad-spectrum (this means it blocks both UVA and UVB)
• An SPF of at least 30 (higher numbers give higher rates of protection)

The most common mistake people make when using sunscreen is not using enough and not reapplying.

• Apply at least 20 minutes before sun exposure to ensure the product is absorbed by the skin
• When initially applied, sunscreen should form a film on the skin
• Reapply every two hours, and/or after swimming or perspiring.
• Apply sunscreen after moisturizers and before makeup

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in Australia, with solar ultraviolet rays (UVR) exposure being the principal cause and a preventable risk factor. Outdoor workers experience a substantial amount of sun exposure daily. Any workers in an industry who are exposed to solar UVR for at least two hours of each working day are considered at risk.

The mole check will begin with the skin cancer doctor inspecting your skin under a magnifying lamp, identifying any areas of concern. They may then utilize a dermatoscope or, if needed, computerized dermatoscopy to perform a comprehensive examination for early signs of cancer. Treatment is generally straightforward, including options like a skin biopsy or cryotherapy for precancerous lesion which can often be performed during the visit. For more complex surgical excisions, a separate appointment will be arranged.

If anything suspicious is found during a skin check, the doctor will discuss their observations with you and may recommend further evaluation. This could include:

1. Biopsy: A small sample of the suspicious area may be taken for laboratory analysis to determine if it is cancerous.

2. Further Imaging: Additional imaging tests might be suggested to assess the extent of any potential issues.

3. Monitoring: If the findings are not immediately concerning but warrant observation, the doctor may schedule follow-up appointments to keep an eye on the area.

4. Referral: In some cases, you may be referred to a specialist for more in-depth evaluation or treatment.

The goal is to ensure any potential skin cancer is identified and addressed as early as possible. Your doctor will guide you through the next steps based on their findings.

Asymmetric, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter more than 6 Millimeter, Evolving which means changes in size, shape, color and Elevation

The frequency of skin checks depends on several factors, including your skin type, personal and family history of skin cancer, and any previous skin issues. Here are some general guidelines:

1. High-Risk Individuals: If you have a history of skin cancer, multiple moles, or a family history of melanoma, you may need checks every 3 to 6 months.

2. Moderate Risk: If you have a few atypical moles or a family history of skin cancer, annual checks are often recommended.

3. Low-Risk Individuals: If you have no significant risk factors, a skin check every 1 to 2 years may be sufficient.

Regardless of your risk level, it’s a good idea to perform regular self-examinations and consult your doctor if you notice any changes in your skin. Always follow your healthcare provider’s advice on the appropriate frequency for your situation.

Professional Skin Checks: Consider scheduling regular skin checks with a skin cancer physician, especially if your child has risk factors such as fair skin, a history of sunburn, or a family history of skin cancer.

If skin cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage, the treatment approach may vary based on the type of cancer, its location, and how far it has spread. Here are some common strategies for managing advanced skin cancer:

1. Multidisciplinary Team: Treatment often involves a team of specialists, including dermatologists, oncologists, and surgeons, to develop a comprehensive care plan.

2. Surgical Options: Surgery may still be an option to remove the cancerous tissue, even if the cancer has spread. In some cases, this could involve more extensive procedures.

3. Chemotherapy: For certain types of skin cancer, chemotherapy may be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.

4. Immunotherapy: This treatment helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It can be effective for advanced melanoma.

5. Targeted Therapy: Some treatments target specific characteristics of cancer cells, such as genetic mutations, and can be effective for certain advanced skin cancers.

6. Radiation Therapy: This may be used to shrink tumors or alleviate symptoms, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

7. Palliative Care: If the cancer is not curable, palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life.

8. Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials may be an option for access to new therapies and treatments that are not yet widely available.

It’s essential for individuals diagnosed with advanced skin cancer to have open discussions with their healthcare team about treatment options, potential side effects, and overall prognosis to make informed decisions about their care.

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